ifconfig、iproute、nm家族

2020-09-02

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Linux
2020-09-30

本文章內容：

1. ifconfig家族
1.1 ifconfig
1.2 route
1.3 netstat

2. iproute家族
2.1 ip
2.2 ss

3. nm家族

環境：

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS Linux release 7.8.2003 (Core)

1. ifconfig家族

1.1 ifconfig

1.2 route

1.3 netstat

2. iproute家族

2.1 ip

2.1.1 語法

ip [OPTIONS] OBJECT {COMMAND | help}

OBJECT：link | address | route | netns

提示：OBJECT可簡寫，各OBJECT的子命令也可以簡寫。

2.1.2 ip link - network device

man ip link可以查看幫助。

子命令：show | list | set

● ip link show | list：查看二層設備的相關屬性

● ip link set：改變二層設備的相關屬性

範例：

a. 查看二層設備的相關屬性

[root@localhost ~]# ip link show  #可簡寫為ip li sh
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
qdisc pfifo_fast：隊列類型為先進先出隊列。

[root@localhost ~]# ip link list  #可簡寫為ip li l，只要能唯一識別就能簡寫
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

#state UP：當前狀態為UP。
#qlen：支持的隊列長度。
#link/ether：網卡MAC地址。
#brd：網卡MAC的廣播地址。

b. 啟用、停用網卡

[root@localhost ~]# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff  #UP狀態
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set dev ens37 down  #設為DOWN狀態，dev為default可不寫
[root@localhost ~]# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff  #DOWN狀態
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens37 up  #再設為UP狀態
[root@localhost ~]# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff  #UP狀態

c. 啟用、停用網卡ARP地址解析

[root@localhost ~]# ip link sho
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens37 arp off  #關閉ARP地址解析功能
[root@localhost ~]# ip link sho
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff  #多了NOARP
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens37 arp on  #開啟ARP地址解析功能
[root@localhost ~]# ip link sho
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

d. 啟用、停用網卡多播功能

[root@localhost ~]# ip link sh
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens37 multicast off  #關閉多播功能
[root@localhost ~]# ip link sh
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff  #MULTICAST不見了
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens37 multicast on  #啟用多播功能
[root@localhost ~]# ip link sh
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff  #MULTICAST出現了

e. 改變網卡名稱

[root@localhost ~]# ip link sh
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens37 down  #先停用ens37網卡才能改變其名稱
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens37 name eth1  #將ens37網卡改名為eth1
[root@localhost ~]# ip link sh
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff  #ens37網卡名變為eth1了
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set eth1 name ens37  #再改回ens37
[root@localhost ~]# ip link sh
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens37 up  #啟用ens37網卡

f. 改變MTU值

ip link set DEVICE mtu MTU

2.1.3 ip address - protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device

man ip address可以查看幫助。

子命令：show | list | add | del | flush

● ip address show | list：查看二、三層設備的相關屬性

● ip address add：添加IP地址

● ip address del：刪除IP地址

● ip address flush：刪除所有IP地址 (primary、secondary、... IP地址)

範例：

[root@localhost ~]# ip a  #顯示所有網卡二、三層設備的相關屬性
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.128.178/24 brd 192.168.128.255 scope global noprefixroute dynamic ens33
       valid_lft 1298sec preferred_lft 1298sec
    inet6 fe80::12da:f368:4b08:ba51/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.169.135/24 brd 192.168.169.255 scope global noprefixroute dynamic ens37
       valid_lft 1679sec preferred_lft 1679sec
    inet6 fe80::9b35:a29a:bb91:21a2/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# ip address show ens37  #僅顯示ens37網卡設備的二、三層相關屬性
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.169.135/24 brd 192.168.169.255 scope global noprefixroute dynamic ens37
       valid_lft 1608sec preferred_lft 1608sec
    inet6 fe80::9b35:a29a:bb91:21a2/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr flush dev ens37  #刪除ens37網卡的IP地址，也可以使用ifconfig ens37 0
[root@localhost ~]# ip address show ens37
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet6 fe80::9b35:a29a:bb91:21a2/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr add 192.168.10.100/24 dev ens37  #添加ens37網卡IP
[root@localhost ~]# ip address show ens37                  
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.10.100/24 scope global ens37
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::9b35:a29a:bb91:21a2/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr add 192.168.10.101/24 dev ens37  #添加ens37網卡第二個IP
[root@localhost ~]# ip address show ens37                  
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.10.100/24 scope global ens37
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 192.168.10.101/24 scope global secondary ens37
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::9b35:a29a:bb91:21a2/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr add 10.0.10.100/8 dev ens37  #添加ens37網卡第三個IP
[root@localhost ~]# ip address show ens37              
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.10.100/24 scope global ens37
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 10.0.10.100/8 scope global ens37  #第三個IP
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 192.168.10.101/24 scope global secondary ens37  #同段網路中才會顯示主要、次要
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::9b35:a29a:bb91:21a2/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2.1.4 ip route

2.1.5 ip netns - manage network namespaces

注意：僅能在CentOS 7以上使用。

man ip netns可以查看幫助。

子命令：show | list | add | exec | del

● ip netns show | list：查看當前的網路名稱空間

● ip netns add：添加網路名稱空間

● ip netns exec：在指定的網路名稱空間中執行命令

● ip netns del：刪除網路名稱空間

範例：

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns add mynet  #添加一網路名稱空間
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns list
mynet
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set ens37 netns mynet  #將ens37網卡移到mynet網路名稱空間中
[root@localhost ~]# ip link sh  #ens37網卡已被移到mynet網路名稱空間中，所以不見了
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec mynet ip link sh  #在mynet網路名稱空間中執行命令，可以看到ens37網卡在mynet中
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns del mynet  #刪除mynet網路名稱空間
[root@localhost ~]# ip link sh  #mynet網路名稱空間被刪除後，ens37網卡就回來了
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:b7:e8:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

2.2 ss

3.nm家族

網路

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